Disc brake Caliper pins/bolts sizes????? Where to buy???

Put a set of worn pads in it, and you will quickly find out why they stick out.
Those look right to me also.

Notice the head of the pin is about the same distance from the caliper body as the outer pad is thick. :-)

Also, the big part of the shoulder that you think is too long is not a bolt shoulder, it's a slide area also.