Plug a smog hole

I was going to suggest the same thing but was not sure if the cast iron head (area around a hole) would crack or break off (malleability). Cast iron is somewhat brittle and when you get near an edge it can sometime chip/break off. Of course it wouldn't hurt to try. He could also get a straight rod that's a 2 or 3 thousandths of an inch larger than the smog hole, grind a very slight taper on the short piece of rod and hammer it in till it gets stuck then grind off anything that's still protruding. But since the OP hasn't ever tapped a hole I figured that he wouldn't have the instruments to measure the hole or measure a piece of rod (as far as thousandths of an inch goes).

Treblig

A lot of trans pump housings and stators are also cast iron. :D
To answer another concern, a ball that fits tight in those holes are in no danger of ever getting into a combustion chamber.
And I would be leary of using something as soft as lead as it could get loose to easy and fall out.

Really the only two ways I would be comfortable with it is tapped and a bolt or plugged with a steel ball, and it sounds like he's going with the tap method.