I know my Samsung phone uses a 2.1-Amp charger, most of the car USB power adapters you get in gas stations and such have two USB slots, one for 2.1 Amps and the other for just 1 Amp. But that's also at a lower voltage, I think typical USB voltage is in the 5-9V range? So no there's no way you could burn up your cigarette lighter socket charging a phone lol. Besides it has a 5A (I think?) fuse in the cig lighter circuit so if it was drawing too much power it would blow the fuse under the dash, then you would know for sure.
