What did I break?

I had the same thing happen with the axles that Yukon used to sell as "a body 8 3/4 large bolt pattern". They were too short and did not have enough engagement with some sure grips, the inboard end of the axle was sheared off. I too limped home with one wheel drive.....

You need to have a look in the diff, and if there was any shock loading (or unloading) you also need to inspect the sprag in the transmission.

I had the same thing happen to my yukon axles. Called up Dr Diff and he new all about the problem. He hooked me up with some single spline side gears and I'm still using the axles today.