Totally a hypothetical question ;)

Translation:

I drove 500 miles with the kickdown linkage not hooked up. Does this really hurt the transmission? :D
If I read the story correctly and your upshifts were delayed to higher speeds, and downshifts occurred before stopping as well, then your kickdown linkage was keeping your throttle input higher than actual. That means you absolutely did NOT cause any additional damage or wear to the clutch packs on that 500 mile drive.
When the trans starts off in second or has lower pressure from lack of throttle input, that would cause clutch slippage, or damage.
Yours should be in as good of shape as it was before your trip, whatever shape that happens to be.