Bolt torque discussion

I started this thread for anyone who wants to discuss bolt theory
Or torque on the sbm.
What do you torque your bolts or studs to and why.
I have read on this forum that some guys torque the longer head bolt studs to a higher torque than the shorter ones to get the longer bolts properly tensioned.
Another guy questioned whether the block itself would be damaged by this increase over stock to the block.