1965 273 Charger Carter Carb

Not a dashpot. It's a primary choke pull off. Yes, the carb is a 65 carb.
Agree. Looks like its the choke 'qualifier'.
The shop book with have the settings, but the operation works like this:
First choke setting is the position cold, before starting. The flap is almost closed.
As soon at the engine fires up and turns over at running rpm, manifold vacuum pulls that diaphram and opens the choke slightly. That's the running choked position.