Had headlights, then high beam only, now nothing

Take the time to understand the situation. Its too complicated to work on when you got other things going on.
A couple fundementals. Voltage is always present in the lines connected to the battery. Just like there is always pressure in the water lines of your house or in the air lines of a shop.
Pressure only drops when it is getting used faster than it can be replaced. Otherwise its at max everywhere.
Current (amps) is electricity flowing when there is a path creating a full circuit (battery positive to negative or alternator output to ground)

Taking that schematic for an example.
One way for electricity to be flowing through the socket with no bulb in it is if a headlight wire is grounding after that socket.
upload_2019-5-21_8-10-31.png
If the short to ground is poor, then some current may flow though the parking lights.
If the short to ground is good, then all the current will take the path of least resistance.
Since the breaker didn't open right away, there's prob some resistance in the short.