More Electrical Help ...
For ref. here's my update of the circuits we're looking at in general.
The way I read your post, the jumper was on the starter between the battery to the solenoid posts.
Yes - that should have turned the starter, and done nothing else.
With key in Run - it might have started.
With in Start - it should have started and IMO the ballast should not have warmed up unless there is a short in the alternator field circuit.