Water pump impeller vanes can rot away causing no circulation.
The vane hub can also come loose (rust loose) from the shaft.
Common on engines that sat for a long time.
Puking only after shutdown isn't a head gasket, (not saying it isn't possible) but usually puking after shutdown is a weak cap or rising temps after shutdown when hot already, like yours sounds.
Your temps look like little or no circulation.
(at least pull and check the water pump)
