Vibrations...

So sitting still it's fine. Only when the car is moving at speed there an issue?
The following comes to mind:
Something is up with the rear tires?
The driveshaft is bent?
Bad U-joint?
Bad right side motor mount?

Chock the front wheels and put the rear on jack stands, with the rear tires 2 inches off the ground. Leave the jack under the center of the rear just because. Run it through the gears and see what you get.
I would think the vibration would start immediately if it were u-joint/driveshaft. OP states the vibration takes 5-10 minutes of driving to start. That's the most odd part to me.