Catalytic converters

Exempt in California means you're not required to have a smog test performed to register your vehicle, even when the vehicle is bought/sold. And if you don't need to smog test for your registration, the only other way you'd need to have a smog test done is if you've been cited for being out of compliance (there are no yearly inspections here). But a 1975 vehicle is exempt from compliance, so, how would you be cited?

So I don't know what the EPA would do to enforce that law, or how someone would ever be in a position that the EPA would find out.

It may still be illegal to defeat or remove a catalytic converter on a 1975 vehicle if it came with one originally, but if you're not ever required to have a smog test or inspection on that vehicle, I don't know how anyone would find out.
I often see CHP trucks at on ramps pointing sensors at a 45 degree at the passing cars on a tripod. I think these are CO sensors that will trip if a nasty car drives by. The on ramps are usually based on a green light for entry so these cars and trucks are on it, producing the most emissions at that time. You can't import out of state convertors to CA, no one will ship them to you. You can ship to your mom in Texas and she can rebox them and send them to you in CA, wouldn't see that is being inspected. Rock auto wont even ship brass pieces if they dont have CA cancer warning stickers on them or are on a CA list. They cancelled a water temp sender on my order becasue it didnt have the CA warning sticker on it.