1973 Dart brake failiure

Also, how come the rear brakes don't seem to do anything even with all that fluid in the front reservoir? I get they're kinda supposed to be weaker than the front but it still seems like I can't brake at all

While the divorced hydraulic system was supposed to allow the front to work if the rear has a leak (or vice-versa) I've found that if one end fails, the other is terribly inadequate at stopping a car.
also, you had the e brake, I've used that in situations before
was actually tought that in drivers ed, properly stoping with the emergency brake

Technically, it is not an "emergency" brake. It is a parking brake meant to hold the car still after it has been stopped. For that purpose, they work as intended. In an "emergency", they are not as effective as your regular rear brakes since they only engage the rear brake shoe, not both front and rear shoes.
The fix here?
Replace the master cylinder with the appropriate unit.