Car won't crank, Guage lights flash, and how do I pull my starter?

You'll be fine then.

The only 'trick' about understanding the car wiring is knowing that power comes from two different sources depending on the situation.
And with the exception of the starter, all power is distributed from the main splice.
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Everything connected to that is always hot as long as the battery is connected.
But the battery's power is essentially at 12.8 Volts. (It will get pulled down from there during starting, and will have surface charge a little higher after charging).
When the engine is running and the alternator working, the alternator can provide power at something above that; generally around 14 Volts.
As long as that's true, the alternator provides power.
Power always flows from the highest voltage source; either battery or alternator.
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For fixing the wires.
Most of the terminals are 'open barrel' type crimps.
Get a crimper that does them.
The female terminals are mostly 'Chrysler type' which seems to be Packard 58 series.
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These will fit properly in the original connector housings.
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The male terminals seem to the same as Packard 56.
Sources for Chrysler type wire terminals

Thanks! I'll study those diagrams. It certainly is good learning experience.