Alternator bearing whines tends to be higher pitched; power steering whines tend to be more of a growling whine, and are louder when you turn the wheel back and forth. Low PS fluid can cause that. Water pump bearings can occasionally whine; easy to find by shaking the fan an seeing if there is any looseness.
Do this OP: Go at about 25 mph with light throttle, so it up shifts to 3rd and check the whine's pitch, then manually put it in 2nd gear at that speed and listen to the pitch of the whine. If it stays the same pitch when the gear goes to 2nd, then it is in the wheels or rear axle. If the pitch goes up with engine RPM with the downshift, then it is on the engine.
And for sure your speedo cable is a problem. You detach the cable from behind the speedomoter and pull the core up and out and lube it with a special moly speedo cable lube; white lithium grease can be used in a pinch but is not as good. When you reinstall the core, both square ends of the core have to engage at the speedo and trannie; sometimes you have to pull of the trannie end, and tug the core out a bit and make sure it goes properly into the square hole in the speedo gear. Sometimes this fixes the jumping speedo, but once I had to just replace the whole speedo and dash pod' the problem was inside the speedo itself.