No every cell phone does not use the same charger. Like mentioned, my iPhone uses the standard apple charging port. The new iPhone 5 that was just announced will have a cometly redesigned power port unlike any other charger ever used on any other phones ( not sure how that's possible being all phone have the same ports lol).
Also my old phone ( which was only a few months old) used a mini USB charging port.....and my wife's phone which is also only a few months old had a completely different style.
It all depends on the manufacturer model,charging specs. But the ports vary plenty in many phones.
Walk into any Walmart and look at the phone car chargers isle and you will see at least 20 different versions. That's not because they can be bought in custom colors lol but because they fit different phones.
As for where you can get one, I am sure you can find one and if not than atleast a car charger version to get you by until the home charger you ordered arrives. Go to Walmart,bestbuy,RadioShack ....ect and I'm sure you can find one for around $8.00 to $12.00 or so.
Hope that's helps
Also it may help if you take a picture of the charging port to see if maybe aomeone can help you better identify it.