I had a 426 hemi rebuilt by Ray Barton and the day he was going to run it on the dyno I was in attendance. His son fired the engine, it idled, was checked for leeks and immediately started a full pull, up to 6000 rpm. I turned to Ray and said I thought you needed to break in a rebuilt engine @ 2000 RPM for twenty minutes? He smiled and said we just broke it in.
I kinda agree with this. The '20-30 minutes at 2,000 rpm' procedure is so the cam companies cover their ***. Say you wipe a lobe and then call the cam company, first thing they ask is whether you followed the break in procedure. No? Sorry, you're S.O.L. But hey, we have the exact same cam waiting to ship, what was your credit card number again?
What kind of cam is it? The general idea with a flat tappet cam that uses dual valve springs is to remove the inner springs before the break in to reduce the spring pressure on the cam. They get re-installed after the break in.
Also, if you have a FT cam, make sure the lifters rotate in their bore when you turn the motor over. Mark an edge with a marker and watch it while you rotate the motor.
If you have a solid cam, set the lash a little looser, maybe a few thousandths.
I recently broke in an engine on the dyno, because I was nervous like the O.P.. I did it because I liked the idea of a controlled environment where things are right in front of you, it's easier to spot problems right away.
The one big advantage of the dyno is the cooling system. The dyno has a tank and the water is fed right into the water pump inlet without a t-stat. If you're doing it in the car, you're on your own.
Make sure you used the lube provided with the cam and some sort of assembly lube on the bearings. Like said, the oil system must be primed so you need the tool for that. Probably best to have a gauge on the sending unit tap so you can get an idea of what the pressure looks like when you spin the pump up.
Make sure the initial timing is set before you fire it. #1 on compression stroke, distributor rotor pointing towards the #1 intake, rotor tip on the leading edge of the cylinder tower on the distributor cap. If you have a marked balancer then it's easy to set the initial but if you don't put a timing tape on it. Once you get it running then take a look at the total if you have a quick advance curve to make sure it's not way off.
I also agree with the carb aspect. If you have a known good unit, put that on, make sure it's ready to go - float levels, fuel in the bowls etc.
If it's all set up right, it should fire right up. The cams get wiped when you have trouble starting it up, like if you have to crank it over and over or if the tune is all whacked when you get it started.